2024 Author: Beatrice Philips | [email protected]. Last modified: 2024-01-15 04:10
Features of marking crushed stone depend on the method of manufacturing the demanded building material. Crushed stone is not sand that is mined in nature, but an artificial mass obtained by crushing natural fractions, waste from the mining industry or other sectors of the national economy. Inorganic material has variable characteristics. Labeling - information for the consumer about its suitability for the intended purposes.
Strength grades
This indicator when marking is determined by several parameters at once. Building material grades are standardized by GOST 8267-93 . There, not only this indicator is regulated, but also other technical characteristics, for example, the size of the fraction and the permissible level of radioactivity.
The density grade of crushed stone is established according to a similar characteristic of the material from which it is obtained by crushing, the degree of crushing during crushing and the degree of wear during processing in a drum.
The cumulative analysis of the data obtained allows us to accurately predict the resistance of building materials under mechanical influences of various types. The breadth of use of crushed stone in the national economy necessitates the existence of a whole range of grades, which take into account:
- content of fractions of various forms (flaky and lamellar);
- material of manufacture and its properties;
- resistance in different types of work - from laying with rollers to permanent movement of vehicles on the road.
The exact selection of material should take into account all the characteristics indicated in the marking, but this indicator remains the main criterion for choosing a suitable brand. The state standard also takes into account such a parameter as the presence of weak fractions in the general composition. It varies in tolerance from 5% of the total to 15% in weak brands. Division into groups implies several categories:
- a high level of strength is marked from M1400 to M1200;
- durable crushed stone is marked with the M1200-800 marking;
- a group of grades from 600 to 800 - already medium-strength crushed stone;
- building material of grades from M300 to M600 is considered weak;
- there is also a very weak one - M200.
If after the M index is the number 1000 or 800, it means that such a brand can be successfully used to create monolithic structures, and for the construction of foundations, and for the construction of roads (including alleys and solid garden paths). M400 and below are suitable for decoration work, for example, bulk pillars or fences made in a grid.
The strength and scope of use of crushed stone depends on the material of manufacture and the size of the fractions. Up to 20 mm is widely used for variable needs (construction of roads, residential and industrial buildings), from 40 mm - when using a large volume of concrete.
Anything larger than 70 mm is already a rubble stone used in gabions or decorative finishes.
Other markings
GOST, which determines the marking of demanded building materials, takes into account variable technical characteristics: even the strength indicator is determined not only by the reaction to compression in a special cylinder, but also by wear in the shelf drum. By the size of the fractions, it is difficult to navigate in determining the scope of application: there are secondary, slag, limestone crushed stones . The most expensive is made of natural stone, but both in gravel and granite there are certain types that need to be labeled to determine suitability for the urgent needs of the consumer.
By fragmentation
This characteristic is determined according to special methods given in GOST. Compression and crushing of the building material in the cylinder is carried out using pressure (press). After screening out the fragments, the remainder is weighed. The crushing mark is the percentage between the previously available mass and the separated debris . For completeness, it is defined for dry and wet conditions.
The subtlety of determining the desired figure is to take into account the origin of crushed stone . After all, it is made from sedimentary or metamorphic rocks (grade 200-1200), from rocks of volcanic origin (600-1499) and granite - in it, a loss of up to 26% means a minimum indicator - 400, and less than 10% of fragments - 1000.
Crushed stone from different materials is able to withstand the actual pressure . It has long been identified through numerous scientific experiments. Limestone is almost three times inferior to that made of granite.
By frost resistance
An important parameter in a temperate climate, especially when it comes to the construction of roads and the construction of buildings. The building material is able to lose its total weight, passing through constant freezing and thawing under the influence of natural conditions . Special standards have been developed that determine the degree of admissibility of such losses in case of multiple changes in conditions.
The indicator can be determined in a simpler way . - for example, placing in sodium sulfate of a certain concentration and subsequent drying. The ability to absorb water is the main factor affecting frost resistance indicators. The more water molecules fill the gaps in the rock, the more ice forms in it in the cold. The pressure of the crystals can be so significant that it leads to the destruction of the material.
The letter F and the numeric index indicate the number of freeze and thaw cycles (F-15, F-150 or F-400) . The last marking means that after 400 double cycles the crushed stone has lost no more than 5% of the previously available mass (see table).
By plasticity
The brand or number of plasticity is indicated by the letters Pl (1, 2, 3). they are determined on the small fractions remaining after the crushing test. GOST 25607-2009 contains a vague definition of plasticity as one of the properties of a building material, which is necessary in assessing the suitability of igneous and metamorphic rocks with a crushing capacity below 600, sedimentary - M499 m of gravel from 600 or less. Everything that belongs to higher rates is Pl1.
The plasticity number is calculated using the formula . There are documented regulatory requirements that determine suitability for road construction.
By abrasion
Abrasion is an indicator of the strength characteristics, determined in the same shelf drum. Determined by the degree of weight loss due to mechanical stress. After the test, the figures of the previously available weight and those obtained after testing are compared. It is easy to understand here, the consumer does not need any formulas or special tables in GOST:
- I1 is an excellent brand losing only a quarter of its weight;
- I2 - the maximum loss will be 35%;
- I3 - marking with a loss of not more than 45%;
- I4 - when tested, crushed stone loses up to 60% due to the separated fragments and particles.
Strength characteristics are largely determined by laboratory tests in a shelf drum - crushing and abrasion is necessary to determine the suitability of crushed stone or gravel, which will be used in the construction of roads or used as ballast on the railway. Only the methods fixed in GOST are used. Its accuracy is guaranteed by two parallel tests of a similar material, also dry and wet. The arithmetic mean is displayed for the three results.
By impact resistance
Determined during tests on a pile driver - a special structure made of steel, with a mortar, striker and guides. The process is quite complicated - first, fractions of 4 sizes are selected, then 1 kg of each are mixed and the bulk density is determined . Y - resistance indicator, calculated by the formula. The number after the letter index means the number of blows, after which the difference between the initial and residual mass is not more than a percent.
On sale, most often you can find the U markings - 75, 50, 40 and 30 . But the characteristic of impact resistance must be taken into account in the construction of objects that are constantly subject to mechanical destruction.
Which crushed stone to choose?
The purpose of labeling, laboratory research is to make it easier for the consumer to determine the required brand. The use of crushed stone for variable needs means the need for the correct choice . Indeed, not only the degree of financial costs depends on it, but also the duration of the operation of the structure. There are considerations of expediency, peculiarities of climatic conditions and directions in which the builder, repairman or landscape designer intends to use the building material.
Strength and cost depend on the selected type, therefore it is important to correctly determine the required indicators . Since even a specialist finds it difficult to navigate in appearance when it comes to suitability for certain needs.
The first thing you need to pay attention to is the material of manufacture
Granite is durable and versatile, decorative and has low flakiness . Ideal for construction work, it is durable and frost-resistant. The main thing to focus on when choosing is the level of radioactivity. Its relatively high cost is more than offset by the resulting quality.
With a limited budget, you can turn to gravel crushed stone . Maximum strength, frost resistance and low radioactive background of the material make it possible to use it for the construction of a foundation, and fractions of 20-40 mm are perfect for crushed stone preparation, concrete, paving of roads. At the same time, you will have to pay much less than for granite, and you can also use it in the construction of important objects.
Quartzite crushed stone is advisable to use for decorative work , but not because it is inferior to gravel or granite in terms of working qualities, it just differs in aesthetic visualization.
Limestone crushed stone may seem like a tempting option due to its low cost , however, it is significantly inferior to the three types listed above in strength. It is recommended only in single-storey buildings or on low-traffic roads.
The subtleties of marking are necessary in the construction of large-scale or important structures . The size of the fractions plays an important role - large and small have a limited scope. The most demanded size - from 5 to 20 mm - is almost universal for any building needs of a private developer.
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