Apricot Grafting: How Can Beginners Be Grafted Onto Cherries, Apple Trees And Other Trees In The Spring? Dates In The Suburbs And Other Regions

2024 Author: Beatrice Philips | [email protected]. Last modified: 2024-01-18 12:09

Fruit trees are usually propagated by grafting. No other methods - dividing the tree, like a shrub, according to subsidiary root shoots in other places, with the help of layering - can give a crop of the same high quality as on the parent specimen, which is also obtained by grafting.

What do you need to do?

Grafting an apricot means "planting" a well-developed bud - a scion - on any branch or trunk that is a stock. It will allow the renewed tree to acquire many positive (varietal) qualities.

1. Resistance to significant frost in winter, it makes it possible for trees to move up to -20 in the mode of prolonged bad weather.
2. Apricot will become more hardy - it effectively resists the icy wind, pathogens and fungi, while adapting to the local climate. This measure is called variety release.
3. The fruits obtained from the same tree are suitable for further propagation . - the seeds get the opportunity to turn into new seedlings.
4. Several varieties of apricot can be grafted onto one tree .… This saves space on the site, freeing up precious space for growing completely different crops.

The listed qualities of grafting remind of one thing - you need to try. Even in the case of an unsuccessfully conducted session, when some of the grafted shoots may not take root, the gardener will gain invaluable experience that allows him to no longer make the most annoying mistakes.

Timing

The time of year at which grafting takes place determines the number of shoots that have taken root. The more rules are followed, the more durable the grafted bud will be in terms of the growth and development of the branch . The exact timing is determined by the specific parameters of each plant species.

The best time for grafting is before the tree "wakes up" and the buds swell and open . For example, in the spring in the Moscow region it may be the end of March. This rule applies to almost the entire central zone of Russia. In the summer, it is not recommended to graft a bud: the slightest mistake will lead to its non-viability, and the tree will be damaged. In late autumn and early spring, the procedure can be performed only in the south of Russia and in the region of the southern coast of Crimea, where the mountains close the area from the north wind, and the climate is similar to subtropical. However, the climate, in particular sudden changes in the weather, makes its own corrections.

For example, if in the south the whole March turned out to be with significant frosts (abnormal winter), then the apricot should be grafted in early April - even in the case of a sharp warming, the vegetation will not immediately respond to a significant increase in temperature.

Grafting of apricots in Altai can be shifted to the end of August or to May. But in the Ural region, as well as in the northwestern part of Russia, apricot grows and takes root badly, the climate does not allow it. It will survive only in a high dome-type greenhouse, where it is maximally protected from the wind, and it is possible to increase the temperature by several degrees compared to that observed in outdoor conditions.

You can guess about the readiness of the apricot for grafting by some signs

1. No frost at night: the lowest temperature in the morning should be above zero. In the afternoon, it will rise to at least +7.

2. The buds are already swollen, ready to bloom

3. The soil is thawed by two bayonets of a shovel - stone fruit species are already ready for grafting.

Experienced gardeners are extremely wary of grafting in the summer: they cannot be grafted before harvesting. After harvesting, the bark is easier to separate from the wood. Only green shoots are grafted, not buds.

In regions that do not belong to the southern part of Russia, cuttings should not be grafted in the fall. The tree needs additional nutrients for fusion: the cuttings will not have time to woody and completely grow together. In the autumn, the tree prepares for winter - any actions aimed at opening the bark, separating it from the wood, will lead to the fact that the stalk will not take root, and the tree itself may get sick, which will sharply decrease its life expectancy.

Which tree to choose for the rootstock?

Any of the following types is suitable for an apricot rootstock: cherry, apple, sweet cherry, cherry plum, almonds and a dozen others. An attempt to graft on wild such as acacia or sycamore can lead to species incompatibility - not all rootstock grafts take root.

Cultivars theoretically suitable for grafting apricots have some limitations. Wildlife is distinguished by its unpretentiousness, for example, planting any other apricot species on a Manchurian apricot is an ideal solution.

To plant an apricot on any stone fruit species and variety of any fruit crop, cherry plum, plum, blackthorn, cherry are used - provided that these species turned out to be zoned … Disadvantage - after two years the scion will be incompatible with the stock, and there may be no harvest.

Strong and young trees are chosen for the stock . It is not recommended to use specimens older than 3 years as a tree. Trees older than 10 years cannot be used unequivocally. Only skeletal branches are subject to grafting. Stable fusion with older trees is not guaranteed.

Graft as close as possible to the site of the first bifurcation . The stock should not deviate significantly from the vertical position - the best survival rate and further sustainable growth are explained by the naturalness of the process to grow upwards, and not sideways. As a result, the scion will grow to a great length, which indicates its good viability.

The thickness of the handle does not exceed 7 mm, the length is 25 cm . The number of buds should not exceed 3. Cuttings should contain vegetative buds. An exceptionally healthy material is selected, on which there are no areas affected by disease and pests. The cut of the cuttings should not be dry. You can make sure that the cutting is functional by bending it. If the segment bends easily without cracking, then it is viable.

The region where the gardener (owner of the suburban area) is located plays a significant role in the correct selection of the right stock … So, in the south they use peach, in the central part of Russia - cherry plum, cherry, any other cold-resistant type of apricot, plum and blackthorn. Altai and South Urals - Manchu apricot. If you break this rule, then both the rootstock and the scion will be unviable. Pome species are completely unsuitable for grafting - a stock based on an apple tree will lead to the rejection of the scion. But the use of cherry plum and plum will give positive results: the apricot will acquire an additional sweet aftertaste. The use of cherries and sweet cherries is not justified mainly because of the fragility of these two types: when, due to the significant weight of the crop, the total weight of the tree can grow by more than one hundred kilograms, small branches break off. The graft must be produced on a trunk that is at least several years old.

Lack of thorn stock - the tree lets out absolutely unnecessary growth, taking away precious nutrients from its "cultivated" counterparts located on the original trunk.

Grafting of apricot on peach has a high compatibility due to the genetic relationship of peach and apricot crops … The disadvantage of this method is that too low frost resistance can lead to the non-viability of the stock: with the onset of significant cold weather, the stock will completely freeze. Therefore, it can be recommended for such regions and districts as Dagestan, Chechnya, Greater Sochi or the southern part of Crimea. For other regions, it is undesirable to use peach as a rootstock, although its strength is much higher than that of cherry or sweet cherry.

Grafting apricot on cherry plum makes it possible to bypass many diseases affecting "pure", "cultivated" apricots . Cherry plum base is resistant to many pests. The cherry plum grafting is carried out in early spring. As for the plum, it is better to use the semi-wild variety. Plum stock makes it possible to ripen the crop much earlier. It is not recommended to take a plum tree older than 4 years as a rootstock. The older the tree, the less survival and adaptability of the scion to the existing environmental conditions.

Almonds and apricots belong to the same genus - plums . Despite this, grafting apricot buds on the branches and trunk of almonds is almost impossible due to the incompatibility of these species.

Without violating these rules, an experienced gardener will be able to propagate seedlings on his own, without the need to resort to the services of farmers.

The ways

Novice gardeners should definitely try one of several methods that have proven themselves well over many decades, which have been used by farmers of several generations. You don't need to invent anything. To do the grafting correctly, use copulation, grafting into the gap and behind the bark, wedging into the side cut. And also it is possible to inoculate by the method of the bridge or by budding. The result is that the rootstock that has grown together with the scion will lead to the fact that soon a shoot will develop from the bud, on which leaves will bloom as it grows. It is recommended to use only sterilized instruments and fresh cuttings, on which there are no signs of rot or disease.

It is advisable to prepare the cuttings in late autumn, before the onset of the frost period . They should be stored at a temperature not exceeding +2 - in a refrigerator or in a cold room. Once every 2-3 weeks, the bag in which the cuttings are stored is checked for decay of the material - cuttings affected by fungus and microbes are thrown away, since they have lost their viability. A dead stalk does not have elasticity, does not return to its original position, it is easy to break it. Cuttings are stored in damp but breathable fabric: a complete lack of ventilation can harm them by creating mold and / or fungus, which can live and develop in dampness, without access to air.

You can bury cuttings, for example, in sawdust sterilized and treated with folk remedies for mold and mildew.

You will need an eyepiece knife and a pruner as tools . Choose a branded product - both tools should be good honed … For strapping, it is undesirable to use electrical tape or adhesive tape with a sticky layer inward (to the stock) - both grafted buds and branches may be damaged.

Copulation

Copulation is carried out before the start of sap flow. In this case, the thickness of the layers on the grafted bud and rootstock must be combined. With a larger trunk diameter, the cambium should coincide on the rootstock and on the scion.

1. In the place of the scion, make an incision at an angle of 35-40 degrees.
2. Make the same cut on the scion. The length of both cuts must be the same.
3. Tie the rootstock and scion together, and tie it with electrical tape.
4. Lubricate open areas with garden pitch.

After three weeks, the rootstock will grow together with the scion.

Into the cleft

Splitting is not suitable for young growth - use mature trees. The period of the year is the same as for the previous method. This approach is suitable when the stock is thicker than the scion. An extreme method is to graft a pair of blanks at the same time. The step-by-step process is as follows.

1. Cut a branch from the trunk at the desired location.
2. Perform a split with a knife - at the place of the cut, perpendicular to its plane. The depth does not exceed 5 cm.
3. Give the graft a lot of sharpness so that it goes into the crevice.
4. Insert the cuttings into the cleft, making sure they are level. They should have at least three active kidneys.
5. Wrap the area with duct tape, apply a layer of garden var.

When leaves appear, the tape can be removed.

For the bark

The action will give the maximum effect immediately before flowering. Cuttings should be harvested in the fall - the buds should be in a dormant state. The dignity of spring grafting for the bark is the salvation of a tree in need of rejuvenation.

1. Delete the main trunk or branch.
2. Peel back the edge of the bark, insert a few cuttings with pre-cut cuts. At least three buds should remain.
3. Immobilize the cuttings, cover the grafting site with garden pitch. It will not work to use the strapping - the diameter of the sawn branch is too large.
4. Support the branches so that they are not damaged during fruiting.

The disadvantage of this method is vulnerability to strong winds: branches that have grown close to the saw cut have good windage, but poor stability.

Side cut

The period of the year for this method is the same as for the previous analogue. Use cuttings that have not yet "woken up". The advantage of the method is suitability for mature trees and wild animals. The fusion is as strong as possible.

1. Make a side cut on one of the main branches.
2. Make a wedge cut on the handle.
3. Remove the top of the cutting, leaving three buds.
4. Insert the cutting into the cut, making sure that the rootstock and the scion have the same cuts.

Tie the grafting site, fill the open areas of the cuts with garden pitch.

By the bridge

It is possible to make an apricot grafting bridge on a tree that has been gnawed by pests of mammals

1. Clean and treat the bite area using antibacterial folk remedies.
2. Cut the rootstock and scion at right angles. Peel back the edge of the bark and insert the cuttings.
3. Fix them, reinforce them with electrical tape.

Cover these areas with garden varnish.

Budding

Budding is performed in the last month of summer, when the growth of branches stops. The method is equally good for young and mature trees.

1. Water the seedling in the evening.
2. Disinfect the kidney transplant site in the morning.
3. Make a T-shaped incision in the bark.
4. Scrape off excess buds around the incision site.
5. On the cutting, remove the leaves, but keep the legs.

Combine the cambium on the scion and rootstock, tie, coat the grafting site. After the scion and rootstock grow together, new leaves from the buds will appear only in the next spring: the buds do not bloom in the fall.

Follow-up care

Caring for a grafted tree differs little from caring for a seedling that has already been obtained by grafting in a nursery. It boils down to the following recommendations.

1. Ensure the location of the grafted trees is protected from pets and stray animals . The territory should not have access to them from the outside.

2. The grafted trees must be protected from strong winds

3. The scion should not be exposed to direct sunlight . The sun's rays can dry the grafted places, and the rootstock will not grow together with the scion. And to exclude overheating, use white, reflective electrical tape, garden var of a light shade (whatever you can get).

4. Limit the access of children and strangers to the territory

5. Water and fertilize grafted trees in a timely manner , use folk remedies for pests that can get into the area of the grafted cuttings or buds.
6. An ideal option when, in order to fully protect against many external destabilizing factors, the grafted seedling is surrounded by a temporary greenhouse . It is easy to make such a protective structure from brazed pipes and light-transmitting (diffusing) white (but not transparent) film.

Trees that are more than a few years old cannot be transplanted. During this time, they become overgrown with powerful roots - even an excavator will not help here: an event of this kind, held in late autumn, in winter at freezing temperatures or in early spring, will definitely destroy the tree. If you want to transplant an apricot variety you like, then graft its branches onto young wild birds of 1-2 years ago: it is much easier to transplant them than specimens that are significantly rooted in comparison with them.

Grow the wild seedling in advance in the right place so that you do not need to replant it.